The global varicose vein treatment market size is poised to grow robustly from 2023 to 2033. According to the research report published by Future Market Insights, the global market is anticipated to exceed a valuation of US$ 765.2 million in 2023. It is estimated to clock a valuation of US$ 1,477.3 million by 2033. The market is foreseen to thrive at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2023 to 2033.
The rising prevalence of varicose veins and growing awareness about its various treatments are anticipated to boost the overall demand for varicose vein treatments.
Based on product, endovenous laser systems dominated the varicose vein treatment market with a share of about 52.47% in 2022, and it is expected to retain its dominance during the forecast period. This can be attributed to the rising popularity of laser therapy for treating vein disorders on account of its higher effectiveness and non-invasive nature.
Varicose veins, also referred to as varicosities or varicoses, are swollen or twisted veins that are typically blue or dark purple. Due to poor blood flow, varicose veins typically seem swollen and elevated, and patients often complain of pain.
Attribute | Details |
---|---|
Market Share (2022) | US$ 716.5 million |
Market Share (2023) | US$ 765.2 million |
Market Share (2033) | US$ 1,477.3 million |
Market Share (2023 to 2033) | 6.8% |
Due to the increased strain on the lower body's veins when standing and walking upright, varicose veins often affect the legs and feet. Compression stockings should be worn for six months if treatment is required in the early stages, followed by ligation and stripping. Sclerotherapy or endothermal ablation can treat varicose veins if the pain persists or any problems are noted. Thus, a rise in the cases of vein disorders such as varicose veins, along with increasing awareness about the availability of various treatments, may continue to boost the growth of the varicose vein treatment market during the forecast period. Similarly, favorable government support and rapidly expanding healthcare industries, especially across developing regions, may bode well for market expansion.
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Development of Cost-effective Treatment Devices with Minimal Side Effects to Bolster Growth
Devices for endovenous laser (EVL) ablation are more frequently used for the treatment of varicose veins and are supported by substantial clinical research. However, endovenous laser operations are more expensive than other procedures like foam fillers, vein stripping, electrical blasting, and others. As a result, manufacturers are shifting their preference towards introducing cost-effective EVL devices that may reduce the cost of treatment procedures.
This may bode well for the market growth during the projected period. Similarly, usage of some endovenous laser ablation devices can lead to consequences like thrombophlebitis, nerve damage, burns, and deep vein thrombosis disorders. Manufacturers are developing novel devices that produce fewer complications to address this issue. These factors can generate lucrative opportunities for manufacturers and help grow the varicose vein treatment market.
Although endovenous laser therapy is a simple and safe way to treat varicose veins, yet, the possibility of suffering from possible but rare side effects is not neglected. This treatment's most common side effect is aching and bruising at the puncture site, temporary numbness in the leg, or pain and inflammation in the length of the treated vein, which may stay for up to 2 weeks in some patients. Furthermore, skin discoloration and injury to neighboring tissues are experienced in some patients. This causes neuropraxia, i.e., pins and needles sensation or skin erythema and reddening in the leg.
There is also a possible risk of infection in the leg, deep vein thrombosis, or blood clot formation in most veins of the leg. Moreover, the alternative treatment options for varicose veins are restraining market growth. Besides laser therapy, many other medical procedures are available to treat varicose veins.
High ligation, vein stripping, and herbal remedies are being implemented to treat varicose veins across the globe. Thus, these factors may hamper the growth of the varicose vein treatment market in the near future.
The global varicose vein treatment industry size developed at a CAGR of 6.3% from 2018 to 2022. In 2018, the global market size stood at US$ 528.9 million. The market witnessed remarkable growth in the following years, accounting for US$ 716.5 million in 2022.
The rise in patients with varicose veins globally is driving the demand for treatments like endovenous laser therapy, eventually leading to the growth of the varicose vein treatment market.
Varicose veins are more prominent in females as compared to males. Increasing cases of varicose veins due to the aging population is a common problem across the globe. Apart from aging, lifestyle change can also lead to varicose veins.
Pregnant women are at high risk of varicose veins due to the baby causing increased pressure on the veins and partly due to hormones produced during pregnancy. Sometimes injury caused in a deep leg vein may also lead to varicose veins. Thus, rising cases of varicose veins may continue to expand the varicose vein treatment market size.
Similarly, the increasing prevalence of obesity across geographies is propelling the growth of the varicose vein treatment market. Fatness leads to issues related to blood circulation, which causes varicose veins. For instance, according to data presented by WHO, nearly 1 billion population is obese, including 650 million adults, 340 million teenagers, and 39 million children. This number is expected to increase further in the coming future, therefore, positively influencing varicose vein treatment.
Furthermore, the novel product launches, as well as an increase in the research and development spending by the key players in treatment devices, may further accelerate the growth of the market over the projected period.
Endovenous Laser Systems Remain the Highly Sought-After Product in the Market
Endovenous laser systems held a share of around 52.47% in the global market in 2022 and are expected to display a gradual growth rate over the forecast period. This can be attributed to the rising adoption of endovenous laser therapy for the treatment of varicose veins and other medical conditions due to its better effectiveness, non-invasive nature, and low risk of complications.
Demand for Varicose Vein Treatment Products Remain High in Hospitals
The hospital segment held the leading market share of around 44.20% in the global varicose vein treatment market in 2022, and it is expected to retain its dominance during the forecast period.
A multidisciplinary strategy incorporating several medical disciplines, such as vascular surgery, interventional radiology, dermatology, and cardiology, may be necessary to treat varicose veins. Hospitals can provide comprehensive and coordinated care for individuals with varicose veins due to their wide variety of medical departments and experts. Hospitals are ahead of the curve in identifying promising avenues to improve healthcare delivery.
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High Prevalence of Vein Disorders Fuelling Market Growth in the United States
The United States dominated the North America market for varicose vein treatment with a total market share of about 42.1% in 2022. The market is expected to witness impressive growth over the forecast period.
Key factors contributing to the United States market growth include the rise in cases of varicose veins, the presence of a highly developed healthcare system, and the availability of advanced medical devices.
Over the years, there has been a rapid surge in the cases of vein disorders like varicose veins in the United States. For instance, as per the Chicago Vein Institute, more than 40 million people in the United States suffer from varicose veins. This may continue to generate demand for varicose vein treatments in the country during the forecast period. Similarly, the heavy presence of leading market players, along with continuous new product launches and approvals, is positively impacting the market growth in the country. The United States is home to some leading medical device manufacturers constantly introducing new products to meet end-user demand.
For instance, in October 2021, a privately held company Venclose Inc. which concentrates on creative treatment processes for venous reflux disorders received FDA approval for a new radiofrequency ablation catheter, Venclose Maven. This catheter is used for the invasive treatment of incompetent perforated veins.
Additionally, due to the favorable reimbursement scenario, the United States population can get access to this treatment at an affordable cost. Thus, these factors are propelling the growth in the market in the United States.
Rising Awareness About Vein Varicose and Its Treatments Driving Market in India
As per FMI, the varicose vein treatment market in India is set to exhibit a CAGR of nearly 8.1% during the forecast period (2023 to 2033). In 2022, India captured 6.8% of global market shares. An increase in the patient pool and rising awareness about varicose veins and their treatments are key factors driving growth in the Indian market.
As per the report published by International Surgery Journal, 5% of the population is affected by a vascular disorder. The presence of this medical condition is particularly common among the geriatric population. Therefore, the increasing geriatric population and rising chronic diseases are expected to propel the market in India during the next ten years.
Increasing Healthcare Spending Propelling Demand in Germany
Germany held a 6.3% share in the European market in 2022 and is projected to display a CAGR of 7.4% during the forecast period.
The developing healthcare infrastructure and increasing healthcare expenditure in Germany are propelling the market for varicose vein treatment. According to the report by The Federal Statistical Office, the healthcare expenditure of Germany was around EUR 67.9 billion in 2020, which shows an increase of 31.5% as compared to 2019.
Government transfers and subsidies in Germany financed healthcare expenditure. Thus, with the rise in patient awareness and increase in the disposable income of the population Germany is likely to show lucrative growth within the varicose vein market.
Country | Captured CAGR (2022) |
---|---|
United States | 42.1% |
United Kingdom | 6.0% |
China | 7.1% |
Japan | 5.3% |
India | 6.8% |
Leading players in the market are adopting various organic and inorganic strategies such as new product launches and approvals, mergers, acquisitions, collaborations, and distribution agreements to expand their customer base and gain a competitive edge in the market.
Instances of key developmental strategies by the industry players in the market are given below:
Attribute | Details |
---|---|
Forecast Period | 2023 to 2033 |
Historical Data Available for | 2018 to 2022 |
Market Analysis | US$ million for Value |
Key Regions Covered | North America; Latin America; Europe; South Asia; East Asia; Oceania; The Middle East & Africa (MEA) |
Key Countries Covered | United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, Nordic, Russia, BENELUX, Poland, France, Spain, Italy, Czech Republic, Hungary, Rest of EMEAI, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Northern Africa, GCC Countries, China, Japan, South Korea, India, ASEAN, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Others |
Key Segments Covered | Product, End-user, Region |
Report Coverage | Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, Trend Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth Initiatives |
This market is valued at US$ 765.2 million in 2023.
AngioDynamics Inc., Medtronic, and Syneron Medical Ltd. are key market players.
The endovenous laser systems is likely to remain preferred in 2022.
The United States held 42.1% of the global market share in 2022.
The market is estimated to reach US$ 1,477.3 million by 2033.
1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Market Outlook
1.2. Demand-side Trends
1.3. Supply-side Trends
1.4. Technology Roadmap Analysis
1.5. Analysis and Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy
2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations
3. Market Background
3.1. Market Dynamics
3.1.1. Drivers
3.1.2. Restraints
3.1.3. Opportunity
3.1.4. Trends
3.2. Scenario Forecast
3.2.1. Demand in Optimistic Scenario
3.2.2. Demand in Likely Scenario
3.2.3. Demand in Conservative Scenario
3.3. Opportunity Map Analysis
3.4. Investment Feasibility Matrix
3.5. PESTLE and Porter’s Analysis
3.6. Regulatory Landscape
3.6.1. By Key Regions
3.6.2. By Key Countries
3.7. Regional Parent Market Outlook
4. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast, 2023 to 2033
4.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis, 2018 to 2022
4.2. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) Projections, 2023 to 2033
4.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis
4.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis
5. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Product
5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
5.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis By Product, 2018 to 2022
5.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis and Forecast By Product, 2023 to 2033
5.3.1. Laser Systems
5.3.1.1. Diode Lasers
5.3.1.2. YAG Lasers
5.3.2. Laser Fibres
5.3.2.1. Bare Tip
5.3.2.2. Radial Tip
5.3.2.3. Gold Tip
5.3.3. Treatment Method
5.3.3.1. Non-thermal Ablation
5.3.3.2. Radiofrequency Ablation
5.3.3.3. Sclerotherapy
5.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Product, 2018 to 2022
5.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Product, 2023 to 2033
6. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By End User
6.1. Introduction / Key Findings
6.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis By End User, 2018 to 2022
6.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis and Forecast By End User, 2023 to 2033
6.3.1. Hospitals
6.3.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centres
6.3.3. Specialised Clinics
6.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By End User, 2018 to 2022
6.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By End User, 2023 to 2033
7. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Region
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis By Region, 2018 to 2022
7.3. Current Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2023 to 2033
7.3.1. North America
7.3.2. Latin America
7.3.3. Western Europe
7.3.4. Eastern Europe
7.3.5. South Asia and Pacific
7.3.6. East Asia
7.3.7. Middle East and Africa
7.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
8. North America Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
8.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
8.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
8.2.1. By Country
8.2.1.1. The USA
8.2.1.2. Canada
8.2.2. By Product
8.2.3. By End User
8.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.3.1. By Country
8.3.2. By Product
8.3.3. By End User
8.4. Key Takeaways
9. Latin America Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
9.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
9.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
9.2.1. By Country
9.2.1.1. Brazil
9.2.1.2. Mexico
9.2.1.3. Rest of Latin America
9.2.2. By Product
9.2.3. By End User
9.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
9.3.1. By Country
9.3.2. By Product
9.3.3. By End User
9.4. Key Takeaways
10. Western Europe Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
10.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
10.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
10.2.1. By Country
10.2.1.1. Germany
10.2.1.2. United Kingdom
10.2.1.3. France
10.2.1.4. Spain
10.2.1.5. Italy
10.2.1.6. Rest of Western Europe
10.2.2. By Product
10.2.3. By End User
10.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
10.3.1. By Country
10.3.2. By Product
10.3.3. By End User
10.4. Key Takeaways
11. Eastern Europe Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
11.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
11.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
11.2.1. By Country
11.2.1.1. Poland
11.2.1.2. Russia
11.2.1.3. Czech Republic
11.2.1.4. Romania
11.2.1.5. Rest of Eastern Europe
11.2.2. By Product
11.2.3. By End User
11.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
11.3.1. By Country
11.3.2. By Product
11.3.3. By End User
11.4. Key Takeaways
12. South Asia and Pacific Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
12.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
12.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
12.2.1. By Country
12.2.1.1. India
12.2.1.2. Bangladesh
12.2.1.3. Australia
12.2.1.4. New Zealand
12.2.1.5. Rest of South Asia and Pacific
12.2.2. By Product
12.2.3. By End User
12.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
12.3.1. By Country
12.3.2. By Product
12.3.3. By End User
12.4. Key Takeaways
13. East Asia Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
13.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
13.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
13.2.1. By Country
13.2.1.1. China
13.2.1.2. Japan
13.2.1.3. South Korea
13.2.2. By Product
13.2.3. By End User
13.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
13.3.1. By Country
13.3.2. By Product
13.3.3. By End User
13.4. Key Takeaways
14. Middle East and Africa Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
14.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
14.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
14.2.1. By Country
14.2.1.1. GCC Countries
14.2.1.2. South Africa
14.2.1.3. Israel
14.2.1.4. Rest of MEA
14.2.2. By Product
14.2.3. By End User
14.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
14.3.1. By Country
14.3.2. By Product
14.3.3. By End User
14.4. Key Takeaways
15. Key Countries Market Analysis
15.1. USA
15.1.1. Pricing Analysis
15.1.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.1.2.1. By Product
15.1.2.2. By End User
15.2. Canada
15.2.1. Pricing Analysis
15.2.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.2.2.1. By Product
15.2.2.2. By End User
15.3. Brazil
15.3.1. Pricing Analysis
15.3.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.3.2.1. By Product
15.3.2.2. By End User
15.4. Mexico
15.4.1. Pricing Analysis
15.4.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.4.2.1. By Product
15.4.2.2. By End User
15.5. Germany
15.5.1. Pricing Analysis
15.5.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.5.2.1. By Product
15.5.2.2. By End User
15.6. United Kingdom
15.6.1. Pricing Analysis
15.6.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.6.2.1. By Product
15.6.2.2. By End User
15.7. France
15.7.1. Pricing Analysis
15.7.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.7.2.1. By Product
15.7.2.2. By End User
15.8. Spain
15.8.1. Pricing Analysis
15.8.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.8.2.1. By Product
15.8.2.2. By End User
15.9. Italy
15.9.1. Pricing Analysis
15.9.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.9.2.1. By Product
15.9.2.2. By End User
15.10. Poland
15.10.1. Pricing Analysis
15.10.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.10.2.1. By Product
15.10.2.2. By End User
15.11. Russia
15.11.1. Pricing Analysis
15.11.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.11.2.1. By Product
15.11.2.2. By End User
15.12. Czech Republic
15.12.1. Pricing Analysis
15.12.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.12.2.1. By Product
15.12.2.2. By End User
15.13. Romania
15.13.1. Pricing Analysis
15.13.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.13.2.1. By Product
15.13.2.2. By End User
15.14. India
15.14.1. Pricing Analysis
15.14.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.14.2.1. By Product
15.14.2.2. By End User
15.15. Bangladesh
15.15.1. Pricing Analysis
15.15.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.15.2.1. By Product
15.15.2.2. By End User
15.16. Australia
15.16.1. Pricing Analysis
15.16.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.16.2.1. By Product
15.16.2.2. By End User
15.17. New Zealand
15.17.1. Pricing Analysis
15.17.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.17.2.1. By Product
15.17.2.2. By End User
15.18. China
15.18.1. Pricing Analysis
15.18.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.18.2.1. By Product
15.18.2.2. By End User
15.19. Japan
15.19.1. Pricing Analysis
15.19.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.19.2.1. By Product
15.19.2.2. By End User
15.20. South Korea
15.20.1. Pricing Analysis
15.20.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.20.2.1. By Product
15.20.2.2. By End User
15.21. GCC Countries
15.21.1. Pricing Analysis
15.21.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.21.2.1. By Product
15.21.2.2. By End User
15.22. South Africa
15.22.1. Pricing Analysis
15.22.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.22.2.1. By Product
15.22.2.2. By End User
15.23. Israel
15.23.1. Pricing Analysis
15.23.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
15.23.2.1. By Product
15.23.2.2. By End User
16. Market Structure Analysis
16.1. Competition Dashboard
16.2. Competition Benchmarking
16.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players
16.3.1. By Regional
16.3.2. By Product
16.3.3. By End User
17. Competition Analysis
17.1. Competition Deep Dive
17.1.1. AngioDynamics, Inc.
17.1.1.1. Overview
17.1.1.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.1.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.1.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.2. Medtronic
17.1.2.1. Overview
17.1.2.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.2.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.2.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.3. Syneron Medical Ltd
17.1.3.1. Overview
17.1.3.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.3.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.3.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.4. Alma Lasers Ltd.
17.1.4.1. Overview
17.1.4.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.4.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.4.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.5. Alna-Medicalsystem GmbH
17.1.5.1. Overview
17.1.5.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.5.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.5.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.6. LSO Medical
17.1.6.1. Overview
17.1.6.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.6.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.6.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.7. WON TECH Co., Ltd
17.1.7.1. Overview
17.1.7.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.7.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.7.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.8. intros Medical Laser GmbH
17.1.8.1. Overview
17.1.8.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.8.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.8.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.8.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.8.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.9. Energist Ltd
17.1.9.1. Overview
17.1.9.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.9.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.9.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.9.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.9.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.10. Dornier Medtech GmbH
17.1.10.1. Overview
17.1.10.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.10.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.10.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.10.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.10.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.11. Theraclion
17.1.11.1. Overview
17.1.11.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.11.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.11.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.11.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.11.5.1. Marketing Strategy
17.1.12. I-VASC
17.1.12.1. Overview
17.1.12.2. Product Portfolio
17.1.12.3. Profitability by Market Segments
17.1.12.4. Sales Footprint
17.1.12.5. Strategy Overview
17.1.12.5.1. Marketing Strategy
18. Assumptions & Acronyms Used
19. Research Methodology
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