The cold plates market is projected to be valued at US$ 374.5 million in 2023 and is expected to rise to US$ 627.7 million by 2033. The sales of cold plates are expected to grow at a significant rate of 5.3% during the forecast period.
Various application areas are generating the demand for cold plates:
Attributes | Details |
---|---|
Cold Plates Market CAGR | 5.3% |
Cold Plates Market Valuation (2023) | US$ 374.5 million |
Cold Plates Market Valuation (2033) | US$ 627.7 million |
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Market Statistics | Details |
---|---|
H1,2021 (A) | 4.3% |
H1,2022 Projected (P) | 4.8% |
H1,2022 Outlook (O) | 5.0% |
BPS Change: H1,2022 (O) - H1,2022 (P) | (+) 20 ↑ |
BPS Change: H1,2022 (O) - H1,2021 (A) | (+) 70 ↑ |
FMI presents a half-yearly comparison and insightful analysis of the cold plate market, along with current market trends and dynamics influencing the growth outlook.
The cold plate market is witnessing a strong increase in demand due to significant development in the end-use industries, including the electronics and automotive industries. Leading players are looking to conquer new contracts for the cold plates, and the competition remains strong among players.
Global demand for cold plates increased by 4.3% over the first half of 2021. In contrast, the demand is estimated to witness a growth rate of about 5.0% during the first half of 2022, a spike of 20 bps points compared to the earlier projections for the same period.
The increase in growth rate is attributed to the growing demand for cold plates from power generation, healthcare & medical devices, automotive components, refrigeration, and other sectors.
With the help of cutting-edge liquid cooling technologies, various medical and healthcare equipment is being developed, leading to an increase in the usage of cold plates. However, development in nanotechnology and possible clogging of the cold plate or the pump, along with high initial installation cost and regular maintenance and cleaning, are key restraints for the cold plate market.
Sales of the cold plates increased at 2.7% CAGR, between 2018 and 2022, owing to their multiple application in several end-use sectors. The demand for cold plates was lowered in 2020 in certain end-use sectors, which had a slight dip in historic CAGR. However, in the coming years, the market's growth has rebounded to its pre-pandemic pace owing to the recovery of industrial performance.
Substantial growth in the cold plates market is mainly backed by high-power electronics, which account for a prominent share in applications of cold plates, closely followed by lasers. With the deployment of liquid-cooled systems in several end-use sectors, cold plates are gaining eminence over forced air-cooled systems. Rolled Tube Cold Plates are expected to account for a key value share in the global cold plates market.
Cold plate demand is expected to witness a substantial growth rate during the forecast period owing to the increasing prominence of IoT-based smart automotive components is likely to ascend the demand for cold plates in the production of automotive components. FMI opines that the cold plates market is likely to witness a substantial growth of 5.3% and is predicted to reach a strong value of US$ 627.7 million by 2033.
Enactment of material combinations for cold plate production has made it possible to build cold plates that enable system designers to decrease their component weight with increased performance, achieve better coefficient of temperature expansion (CTE) match, and optimize cost.
Utilizing mixed metal, and nonmetal combinations, this new approach can fabricate into any form similar to the production of plastic products. Several parts can have complex shapes and curves. They can have fins of different heights and thicknesses oriented in one or more directions on a single cold plate.
With the help of new technologies, the components can be integrated by mounting features. The complex fin designs on cold plates come with the restraint of a larger density of fin designs. Meticulous liquid cooling can be obtained by microchannels mounted on cold plates through this process. Fins can be as small as 0.15 mm wide and 0.7 mm high, with 0.15 mm spacing for special applications.
Cold plates have extensive applications for liquid cooling, ranging from desktop PCs to power semiconductors (e.g., high-power insulated gate bipolar transistors [IGBTs] used to switch power in power supplies and motor control applications), high-brightness LEDs, laser diodes, and other devices.
Practical, cost-effective, and quiet means of dissipating heat in high-power semiconductor-based systems will be increasingly needed. Already, the high-performance, high-power ranges of applications such as desktop PCs and power semiconductors require liquid-cooled thermal solutions – and it is expected that as chips continue to become denser and heat more of an issue, liquid cooling will move increasingly into the mainstream.
The demand for liquid-cooled systems, with better thermal performance (compared to air-cooled systems) and quieter operation, is expected to witness substantial growth. Subsequently augmenting the growth of the cold plates market.
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The country's strong manufacturing industrial sector has boosted demand for power sectors, automotive components and motor devices, food storage, and many others in the region, which is expected to drive the country's cold plates market.
The region has technological advantages and is a key location for manufacturers all over the world, which is expected to fuel the growth of the cold plates market. A strong supply base due to the presence of key manufacturers also contributes to the country's market growth.
Europe is anticipated to hold a fair share of global Cold Plates markets. Germany holds dominance, with a share of 2.5% in Western Europe. The automotive sector in Germany spends a considerable share of its budget on research and development activities.
Being home to some of the leading automakers globally, Germany is likely to present a conducive environment for the growth of the cold plates market.
The cold plates market is going to benefit from the laser and high-powered electronics industries. The numerous applications of rolled tube cold plates, such as boilers and dryers, refrigeration, machine tools, and so on, are critical end-use factors for cold plates. Significant growth in the country's medical and healthcare sectors is expected to boost cold plate demand in the coming years.
Due to strong demand from the end-use industry, China is expected to grow at a 5.8% annual rate over the forecast period. China is expected to have a significant market share in East Asia by 2033. The COVID-19 crisis significantly impacted the country's market, but China has recovered in recent months.
The country has a thriving electrical and electronics industry, which is fueling the growth of cold plates. Significant growth in the production of military equipment has also aided market growth. Furthermore, the country's strong consumption base is driving up sales of cold plates.
The electronics industry is a large economic sector linked to advanced technologies in consumer goods, industrial, and productive markets. The electrical and electronics industry is a thriving and expanding sector that is rapidly expanding due to technological advancements and customer preferences for advanced and microelectronic devices and services.
This industry is expected to generate an additional market opportunity of approximately US$ 223.6 million for cold plate key players. Nowadays, the electronics and electrical industries are progressing towards advancement aided by nanotechnology, which has resulted in higher value-added products and increased production capacity.
Nanotechnology in microprocessors necessitates more heat flux spirals upward, power, forcing circuit designers and systems analysts to implement increasingly expensive and otherwise gloomy thermal management solutions.
Within the system, designers face several constraints that limit the scope of solutions that can be implemented. Aside from thermal effectiveness, the shrinking form should be considered in terms of heat dissipation. Furthermore, thermal-management solutions must not increase time to market while decreasing this critical factor.
While liquid-cooled solutions have been proposed as superior ways to dissipate system heat, these approaches have largely remained out of reach for all but the most high-end applications.
The market is expected to accelerate growth due to increased demand for cold plates from various end-user industries, such as high-powered electronics equipment developers, medical equipment developers, and others.
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Columbia-Staver Limited, Wieland Microcool, BOYD Corporation, Cofan USA, Inc., and other key market players have begun to take innovative approaches to dominate the market.
Attribute | Details |
---|---|
Forecast Period | 2023 to 2033 |
Historical Data Available for | 2018 to 2022 |
Market Analysis | US$ Million for Value |
Key Countries Covered | USA, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, GCC Countries, Turkey, Northern Africa, and South Africa |
Key Segments Covered | Product Type, Application, Region |
Key Companies Profiled | Parker Hannifin Corporation; Sanhua Holding Group Co., Ltd; AMS Technologies; Fujikura Ltd.; Dana Limited; Sumitomo Precision Products Co Ltd.; Columbia Staver Ltd.; Wieland Microcool; Wakefield Thermal Solutions Inc.; Telerex; Stulz GmbH; Pollock Industries; Priatherm; Cofan USA Inc |
Report Coverage | Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, DROT Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth Initiatives |
Customization & Pricing | Available upon Request |
China, Japan, and South Korea are key Asian countries in the market.
The main market for cold plates is the electronics and semiconductor sector.
From 2023 to 2033, the cold plates market in Japan is predicted to increase at 5.8%.
The market for cold plates is currently valued at US$ 374.5 million.
By 2033, the market for cold plates is anticipated to reach US$ 627.7 million.
1. Executive Summary | Cold Plates Market 1.1. Global Market Outlook 1.2. Demand-side Trends 1.3. Supply-side Trends 1.4. Technology Roadmap Analysis 1.5. Analysis and Recommendations 2. Market Overview 2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy 2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations 3. Market Background 3.1. Market Dynamics 3.1.1. Drivers 3.1.2. Restraints 3.1.3. Opportunity 3.1.4. Trends 3.2. Scenario Forecast 3.2.1. Demand in Optimistic Scenario 3.2.2. Demand in Likely Scenario 3.2.3. Demand in Conservative Scenario 3.3. Opportunity Map Analysis 3.4. Product Life Cycle Analysis 3.5. Supply Chain Analysis 3.5.1. Supply Side Participants and their Roles 3.5.1.1. Producers 3.5.1.2. Mid-Level Participants (Traders/ Agents/ Brokers) 3.5.1.3. Wholesalers and Distributors 3.5.2. Value Added and Value Created at Node in the Supply Chain 3.5.3. List of Raw Material Suppliers 3.5.4. List of Existing and Potential Buyer’s 3.6. Investment Feasibility Matrix 3.7. Value Chain Analysis 3.7.1. Profit Margin Analysis 3.7.2. Wholesalers and Distributors 3.7.3. Retailers 3.8. PESTLE and Porter’s Analysis 3.9. Regulatory Landscape 3.9.1. By Key Regions 3.9.2. By Key Countries 3.10. Regional Parent Market Outlook 3.11. Production and Consumption Statistics 3.12. Import and Export Statistics 4. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast, 2023 to 2033 4.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis, 2018 to 2022 4.2. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Projections, 2023 to 2033 4.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis 4.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis 5. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Product Type 5.1. Introduction / Key Findings 5.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Product Type, 2018 to 2022 5.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Product Type, 2023 to 2033 5.3.1. Stir Welded Cold Plate 5.3.2. Press locked Cold Plate 5.3.3. Vacuum Brazed Cold Plate 5.3.4. Rolled Tube Cold Plate 5.3.5. Exposed Tube Cold Plate 5.3.6. Vortex Cold Plate 5.3.7. Die cast Cold Plate 5.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Product Type, 2018 to 2022 5.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Product Type, 2023 to 2033 6. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Application 6.1. Introduction / Key Findings 6.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Application, 2018 to 2022 6.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Application, 2023 to 2033 6.3.1. High Powered Electronics 6.3.2. Wind Turbines 6.3.3. Medical Equipment 6.3.4. IGBT Modules 6.3.5. Motor Devices 6.3.6. Lasers 6.3.7. Automotive Components 6.3.8. Military Equipment 6.3.9. Laboratory Plates 6.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Application, 2018 to 2022 6.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Application, 2023 to 2033 7. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Region 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Region, 2018 to 2022 7.3. Current Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2023 to 2033 7.3.1. North America 7.3.2. Latin America 7.3.3. Europe 7.3.4. Asia Pacific 7.3.5. MEA 7.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region 8. North America Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country 8.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022 8.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033 8.2.1. By Country 8.2.1.1. The USA 8.2.1.2. Canada 8.2.2. By Product Type 8.2.3. By Application 8.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 8.3.1. By Country 8.3.2. By Product Type 8.3.3. By Application 8.4. Key Takeaways 9. Latin America Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country 9.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022 9.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033 9.2.1. By Country 9.2.1.1. Brazil 9.2.1.2. Mexico 9.2.1.3. Rest of Latin America 9.2.2. By Product Type 9.2.3. By Application 9.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 9.3.1. By Country 9.3.2. By Product Type 9.3.3. By Application 9.4. Key Takeaways 10. Europe Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country 10.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022 10.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033 10.2.1. By Country 10.2.1.1. Germany 10.2.1.2. United Kingdom 10.2.1.3. France 10.2.1.4. Spain 10.2.1.5. Italy 10.2.1.6. Rest of Europe 10.2.2. By Product Type 10.2.3. By Application 10.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 10.3.1. By Country 10.3.2. By Product Type 10.3.3. By Application 10.4. Key Takeaways 11. Asia Pacific Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country 11.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022 11.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033 11.2.1. By Country 11.2.1.1. China 11.2.1.2. Japan 11.2.1.3. South Korea 11.2.1.4. Singapore 11.2.1.5. Thailand 11.2.1.6. Indonesia 11.2.1.7. Australia 11.2.1.8. New Zealand 11.2.1.9. Rest of Asia Pacific 11.2.2. By Product Type 11.2.3. By Application 11.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 11.3.1. By Country 11.3.2. By Product Type 11.3.3. By Application 11.4. Key Takeaways 12. MEA Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country 12.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022 12.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033 12.2.1. By Country 12.2.1.1. GCC Countries 12.2.1.2. South Africa 12.2.1.3. Israel 12.2.1.4. Rest of MEA 12.2.2. By Product Type 12.2.3. By Application 12.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 12.3.1. By Country 12.3.2. By Product Type 12.3.3. By Application 12.4. Key Takeaways 13. Key Countries Market Analysis 13.1. USA 13.1.1. Pricing Analysis 13.1.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.1.2.1. By Product Type 13.1.2.2. By Application 13.2. Canada 13.2.1. Pricing Analysis 13.2.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.2.2.1. By Product Type 13.2.2.2. By Application 13.3. Brazil 13.3.1. Pricing Analysis 13.3.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.3.2.1. By Product Type 13.3.2.2. By Application 13.4. Mexico 13.4.1. Pricing Analysis 13.4.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.4.2.1. By Product Type 13.4.2.2. By Application 13.5. Germany 13.5.1. Pricing Analysis 13.5.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.5.2.1. By Product Type 13.5.2.2. By Application 13.6. United Kingdom 13.6.1. Pricing Analysis 13.6.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.6.2.1. By Product Type 13.6.2.2. By Application 13.7. France 13.7.1. Pricing Analysis 13.7.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.7.2.1. By Product Type 13.7.2.2. By Application 13.8. Spain 13.8.1. Pricing Analysis 13.8.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.8.2.1. By Product Type 13.8.2.2. By Application 13.9. Italy 13.9.1. Pricing Analysis 13.9.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.9.2.1. By Product Type 13.9.2.2. By Application 13.10. China 13.10.1. Pricing Analysis 13.10.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.10.2.1. By Product Type 13.10.2.2. By Application 13.11. Japan 13.11.1. Pricing Analysis 13.11.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.11.2.1. By Product Type 13.11.2.2. By Application 13.12. South Korea 13.12.1. Pricing Analysis 13.12.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.12.2.1. By Product Type 13.12.2.2. By Application 13.13. Singapore 13.13.1. Pricing Analysis 13.13.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.13.2.1. By Product Type 13.13.2.2. By Application 13.14. Thailand 13.14.1. Pricing Analysis 13.14.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.14.2.1. By Product Type 13.14.2.2. By Application 13.15. Indonesia 13.15.1. Pricing Analysis 13.15.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.15.2.1. By Product Type 13.15.2.2. By Application 13.16. Australia 13.16.1. Pricing Analysis 13.16.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.16.2.1. By Product Type 13.16.2.2. By Application 13.17. New Zealand 13.17.1. Pricing Analysis 13.17.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.17.2.1. By Product Type 13.17.2.2. By Application 13.18. GCC Countries 13.18.1. Pricing Analysis 13.18.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.18.2.1. By Product Type 13.18.2.2. By Application 13.19. South Africa 13.19.1. Pricing Analysis 13.19.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.19.2.1. By Product Type 13.19.2.2. By Application 13.20. Israel 13.20.1. Pricing Analysis 13.20.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022 13.20.2.1. By Product Type 13.20.2.2. By Application 14. Market Structure Analysis 14.1. Competition Dashboard 14.2. Competition Benchmarking 14.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players 14.3.1. By Regional 14.3.2. By Product Type 14.3.3. By Application 15. Competition Analysis 15.1. Competition Deep Dive 15.1.1. Parker Hannifin Corporation 15.1.1.1. Overview 15.1.1.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.1.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.1.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.1.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.1.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.2. Sanhua Holding Group Co., Ltd 15.1.2.1. Overview 15.1.2.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.2.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.2.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.2.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.2.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.3. AMS Technologies 15.1.3.1. Overview 15.1.3.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.3.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.3.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.3.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.3.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.4. Fujikura Ltd. 15.1.4.1. Overview 15.1.4.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.4.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.4.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.4.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.4.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.5. Dana Limited 15.1.5.1. Overview 15.1.5.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.5.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.5.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.5.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.5.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.6. Sumitomo Precision Products Co Ltd. 15.1.6.1. Overview 15.1.6.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.6.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.6.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.6.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.6.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.7. Columbia Staver Ltd. 15.1.7.1. Overview 15.1.7.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.7.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.7.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.7.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.7.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.8. Wieland Microcool 15.1.8.1. Overview 15.1.8.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.8.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.8.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.8.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.8.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.8.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.8.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.9. Wakefield Thermal Solutions Inc. 15.1.9.1. Overview 15.1.9.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.9.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.9.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.9.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.9.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.9.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.9.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.10. Telerex 15.1.10.1. Overview 15.1.10.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.10.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.10.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.10.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.10.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.10.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.10.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.11. Stulz GmbH 15.1.11.1. Overview 15.1.11.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.11.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.11.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.11.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.11.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.11.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.11.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.12. Pollock Industries 15.1.12.1. Overview 15.1.12.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.12.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.12.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.12.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.12.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.12.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.12.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.13. Priatherm 15.1.13.1. Overview 15.1.13.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.13.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.13.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.13.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.13.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.13.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.13.5.3. Channel Strategy 15.1.14. Cofan USA Inc. 15.1.14.1. Overview 15.1.14.2. Product Portfolio 15.1.14.3. Profitability by Market Segments 15.1.14.4. Sales Footprint 15.1.14.5. Strategy Overview 15.1.14.5.1. Marketing Strategy 15.1.14.5.2. Product Strategy 15.1.14.5.3. Channel Strategy 16. Assumptions & Acronyms Used 17. Research Methodology
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