The global cardiac assist devices market is poised to surpass US$ 1.37 billion by 2023, surging at a remarkable CAGR of 6.1% through 2033 to reach US$ 2.48 billion.
The incorporation of advanced technology such as the Internet of Thinking and rising investment from leading players results in market growth.
The technologies utilized to create cardiac devices have advanced dramatically during the past ten years, and so have the indications for these devices. Due to this, many patients are now being handled with cardiology devices, which have had exponential therapeutic and monitoring outcomes.
The development that has had a big positive effect on cardiology is artificial intelligence, which has increased diagnostic skills for some cardiac disorders.
Attributes | Details |
---|---|
Cardiac Assist Devices Market Estimated Value (2023) | US$ 1.37 billion |
Cardiac Assist Devices Market Estimated Value (2033) | US$ 2.48 billion |
Cardiac Assist Devices Market Value CAGR (2023 to 2033) | 6.1% CAGR |
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Cardiac Assist Devices Market recorded steady growth of 5.8% CAGR during the historical period, from 2018 to 2022. The rising prevalence of heart failure across the globe resulted in increased demand for cardiac assist devices.
Technological development in the field of ventricular assist devices is recognized as a key driver for the growth of the cardiac assist devices industry with mounting cases of coronary heart diseases.
As per FMI’s analysis, growth in cardiac assist devices is attributed to the increasing prevalence of lifestyle disorders that are the main cause of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and others have led to increased cases of heart failure, especially across the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and India.
Demand for heart transplantation has significantly increased due to the rising cases of heart failure. However, the unavailability of heart donors and long waiting list result in increased mortality rates.
Patients are hence opting for ventricular assist devices for the treatment of heart failure. Due to the increased demand for ventricular assist devices, leading companies are continuously developing advanced cardiac assist devices catering to the demand. Moreover, key companies are adopting cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and the Internet of Thinking to facilitate the rising demand and curb mortality rates.
As per FMI, the market witnessed a year-on-year (Y-o-Y) growth at 6.1% CAGR, topping US$ 2.48 billion in 2033.
Over the past few years, the United States of America has been in the lead in terms of healthcare. Increasing cases of cardiovascular disease contributed to the country’s market share of 51.7% in 2022.
Technological advancements in the field of cardiac assist devices are one of the key factors driving growth. The rising prevalence of heart failure within the country has increased the demand for ventricular assist devices. Furthermore, healthcare professionals and scientists are incessantly working on developing next-generation ventricular assist devices.
Thanks to the presence of leading players such as Medtronic PLC., and Abbott Laboratories, the development of cardiac assist devices and new launches, have significantly improved the market revenue.
Increasing preference for non-invasive, portable, and implantable devices has also accelerated the market growth in the country. Leading healthcare companies are developing products in the pipeline focusing on minimally invasive ventricular assist devices. For instance,
With the rising incidence of cardiovascular disease in the country, the number of heart transplant surgeries is increasing at a mounting pace. However, the severe shortage of organ donors has resulted in increasing demand for heart devices. The increasing number of patients opting for cardiac assist devices in the United States of America fuels the market growth during the forecast period.
As per Future Market Insights, India is anticipated to be one of the highly profitable markets of South Asia in the cardiac assist devices market with a projected CAGR of 5.1% from 2023 to 2033.
The expansion of the healthcare sector and the development of ventricular assist devices are affecting the market growth positively. The prevalence of heart failure in the country has resulted in increased demand for cardiac assist devices. Additionally, increased government funding and initiatives for the development of healthcare facilities are likely to boost growth across India.
India is the top country with a high diabetic population, and nearly 77 million people suffer from diabetes, estimates International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes is the primary cause of developing major heart disease. One-fifth of the Indian population succumb due to coronary heart disease.
India is witnessing a simultaneous uptick in the number of heart failure, especially among the younger population due to the rising cases of coronary heart disease. With the increasing burden of heart failure in the country, patients are opting for minimally invasive procedures. This, in turn, has increased the demand for ventricular assist devices, especially left ventricular assist devices in India.
Growing government funding and initiatives are also aiding the growth of the cardiac assist devices market. For instance, the Government of Assam Health and Family Welfare has introduced a scheme in which government bears the expenses of surgery for children with coronary heart disease.
Growth in the United Kingdom for cardiac assist devices is attributable to the increasing technological advancements in the field of ventricular assist devices, where the United Kingdom garnered a revenue share of 6.4% in 2022.
With the rising prevalence of coronary heart diseases resulting in heart failure, the adoption of ventricular assist devices is improving. Furthermore, the expansion of healthcare infrastructure and leading companies focusing on the development of next-generation cardiac assist devices have improved the adoption of ventricular assist devices.
Leading player based in the United Kingdom, Calon Cardio-Technology, for instance, intends to receive CE marking fulfilling the European products requirement for its ventricular assist device, commonly known as, MiniVAD.
Increasing investment in the development of these devices is creating incremental opportunities for cardiac assist devices in the country. With patients now opting for minimally invasive devices for the treatment of heart failure, demand for ventricular assist devices is burgeoning across the United Kingdom.
As per Future Market Insights, Germany is anticipated to lead the growth of Europe’s cardiac assist market, holding a value share of 11.2% in 2022 globally.
Technological advancements and innovation in ventricular assist devices are key growth factors driving the demand for cardiac assist devices in Germany. Moreover, companies are investing hugely in the development of cardiac assist devices to cater to the increasing demand.
Increasing initiatives and funding from the government are also aiding the growth of the cardiac assist devices market in Germany. Further, leading players such as Biotronik, are developing next-generation implantable and ventricular assist devices for patients suffering from heart failure.
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Accounting for over 62.49% of global revenue share, ventricular assist devices are anticipated to be highly sought-after in the cardiac assist devices industry. Increasing demand for left ventricular assist devices in aiding the growth of VAD.
Future Market Insights estimates VAD to be the product of choice in the market. As healthcare professionals and engineers are developing next-generation devices fully implantable on both sides of the heart, ventricular assist devices are expected to gain traction.
Growth in this segment is attributed to technological advancements, the rising prevalence of cardiac arrest, and the shortage of organ donors. Also, advancements and upgradation in the development of LVAD have bolstered its adoption.
Leading healthcare companies such as Abbott Laboratories, Medtronic PLC, and Abiomed are increasing research activities to develop advanced LVAD catering to the rising demand. With rapid development, companies are seeking fast-track approvals from regulatory bodies which are resulting in high investment.
With the increasing demand for technologically updated ventricular assist devices, the market is expected to register high demand in the next decade.
Based on modality type, the market is segmented into transcutaneous and implantable cardiac assist devices. As per Future Market Insights, the implantable devices segment captured a share of 60.79% in 2022.
Owing to the benefits of the ability to screen, monitor, and control erratic heart rhythms, implantable devices are expected to gain immense popularity during the forecast period. Moreover, the rising need for efficient solutions to manage heart failure is predicted to improve the adoption of implantable devices. Additionally, increasing preference for non-invasive surgical procedures has accelerated the adoption of implantable devices.
An implantable cardioverter defibrillator is a useful device that helps prevent sudden death in patients suffering from sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Technological advancements and gradation in implantable cardiac assist devices have improved the demand.
Hospital pharmacies are gaining popularity as the primary end-user in the healthcare industry due to several reasons that are contributing to the sub-segment share of 79.8% in 2022.
Firstly, hospital pharmacies offer a centralized and convenient source of medication procurement and distribution within the hospital setting. This ensures efficient inventory management, reduces medication errors, and improves patient safety.
Secondly, hospital pharmacies provide specialized pharmaceutical services, including compounding, drug information, and medication management, tailored to the unique needs of the hospital and its patients.
Lastly, with the increasing complexity of medication therapies and the need for close collaboration with healthcare providers, hospital pharmacies play a vital role in ensuring optimal patient outcomes and medication utilization.
As per FMI’s analysis, continuous innovation and gradation in cardiac assist devices have led to intense competition among top market players.
Key players are focusing on new product launches and gaining approvals from regulatory bodies to stay in the competition. Nearly 75% of the global market share is accounted for by the top 7 players operating in the cardiac assist devices market.
Organizations are also adopting winning strategies such as collaborations and mergers among key players. These strategies are also adopted by regional players to gain a leading position in the industry.
Developments in the Market:
The cardiac assist devices market value reaches US$ 1.37 billion in 2023.
The cardiac assist devices market is anticipated to surpass US$ 2.48 billion by 2033, recording a CAGR of 6.1%.
The implantable cardiac assist devices segment is likely to gain prominence, holding 60.79% of market revenue.
The United States boasts lucrative potential for cardiac assist devices with advanced healthcare infrastructure and increasing cardiovascular conditions.
Key cardiac assist devices market players are Terumo Corporation, Medtronic PLC, Abbott Laboratories, Abiomed Inc., Teleflex Incorporated, Maquet GmbH, BerlinHeart GmbH, and others.
1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Market Outlook
1.2. Demand-side Trends
1.3. Supply-side Trends
1.4. Technology Roadmap Analysis
1.5. Analysis and Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy
2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations
3. Market Background
3.1. Market Dynamics
3.1.1. Drivers
3.1.2. Restraints
3.1.3. Opportunity
3.1.4. Trends
3.2. Scenario Forecast
3.2.1. Demand in Optimistic Scenario
3.2.2. Demand in Likely Scenario
3.2.3. Demand in Conservative Scenario
3.3. Opportunity Map Analysis
3.4. Investment Feasibility Matrix
3.5. PESTLE and Porter’s Analysis
3.6. Regulatory Landscape
3.6.1. By Key Regions
3.6.2. By Key Countries
3.7. Regional Parent Market Outlook
4. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast, 2023 to 2033
4.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis, 2018 to 2022
4.2. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) Projections, 2023 to 2033
4.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis
4.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis
5. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Product Type
5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
5.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis By Product Type, 2018 to 2022
5.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis and Forecast By Product Type, 2023 to 2033
5.3.1. Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD)
5.3.1.1. Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
5.3.1.2. Right Ventricular Assist Device (RVAD)
5.3.1.3. Biventricular Assist Device (BIVAD)
5.3.1.4. External Ventricular Assist Devices
5.3.2. Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump
5.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Product Type, 2018 to 2022
5.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Product Type, 2023 to 2033
6. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Modality Type
6.1. Introduction / Key Findings
6.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis By Modality Type, 2018 to 2022
6.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis and Forecast By Modality Type, 2023 to 2033
6.3.1. Transcutaneous
6.3.2. Implantable
6.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Modality Type, 2018 to 2022
6.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Modality Type, 2023 to 2033
7. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By End-User
7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
7.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis By End-User, 2018 to 2022
7.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis and Forecast By End-User, 2023 to 2033
7.3.1. Hospital
7.3.2. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
7.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By End-User, 2018 to 2022
7.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By End-User, 2023 to 2033
8. Global Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Region
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis By Region, 2018 to 2022
8.3. Current Market Size Value (US$ Million) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2023 to 2033
8.3.1. North America
8.3.2. Latin America
8.3.3. Western Europe
8.3.4. Eastern Europe
8.3.5. South Asia and Pacific
8.3.6. East Asia
8.3.7. Middle East and Africa
8.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
9. North America Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
9.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
9.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
9.2.1. By Country
9.2.1.1. USA
9.2.1.2. Canada
9.2.2. By Product Type
9.2.3. By Modality Type
9.2.4. By End-User
9.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
9.3.1. By Country
9.3.2. By Product Type
9.3.3. By Modality Type
9.3.4. By End-User
9.4. Key Takeaways
10. Latin America Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
10.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
10.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
10.2.1. By Country
10.2.1.1. Brazil
10.2.1.2. Mexico
10.2.1.3. Rest of Latin America
10.2.2. By Product Type
10.2.3. By Modality Type
10.2.4. By End-User
10.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
10.3.1. By Country
10.3.2. By Product Type
10.3.3. By Modality Type
10.3.4. By End-User
10.4. Key Takeaways
11. Western Europe Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
11.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
11.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
11.2.1. By Country
11.2.1.1. Germany
11.2.1.2. UK
11.2.1.3. France
11.2.1.4. Spain
11.2.1.5. Italy
11.2.1.6. Rest of Western Europe
11.2.2. By Product Type
11.2.3. By Modality Type
11.2.4. By End-User
11.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
11.3.1. By Country
11.3.2. By Product Type
11.3.3. By Modality Type
11.3.4. By End-User
11.4. Key Takeaways
12. Eastern Europe Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
12.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
12.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
12.2.1. By Country
12.2.1.1. Poland
12.2.1.2. Russia
12.2.1.3. Czech Republic
12.2.1.4. Romania
12.2.1.5. Rest of Eastern Europe
12.2.2. By Product Type
12.2.3. By Modality Type
12.2.4. By End-User
12.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
12.3.1. By Country
12.3.2. By Product Type
12.3.3. By Modality Type
12.3.4. By End-User
12.4. Key Takeaways
13. South Asia and Pacific Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
13.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
13.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
13.2.1. By Country
13.2.1.1. India
13.2.1.2. Bangladesh
13.2.1.3. Australia
13.2.1.4. New Zealand
13.2.1.5. Rest of South Asia and Pacific
13.2.2. By Product Type
13.2.3. By Modality Type
13.2.4. By End-User
13.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
13.3.1. By Country
13.3.2. By Product Type
13.3.3. By Modality Type
13.3.4. By End-User
13.4. Key Takeaways
14. East Asia Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
14.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
14.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
14.2.1. By Country
14.2.1.1. China
14.2.1.2. Japan
14.2.1.3. South Korea
14.2.2. By Product Type
14.2.3. By Modality Type
14.2.4. By End-User
14.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
14.3.1. By Country
14.3.2. By Product Type
14.3.3. By Modality Type
14.3.4. By End-User
14.4. Key Takeaways
15. Middle East and Africa Market Analysis 2018 to 2022 and Forecast 2023 to 2033, By Country
15.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018 to 2022
15.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023 to 2033
15.2.1. By Country
15.2.1.1. GCC Countries
15.2.1.2. South Africa
15.2.1.3. Israel
15.2.1.4. Rest of MEA
15.2.2. By Product Type
15.2.3. By Modality Type
15.2.4. By End-User
15.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
15.3.1. By Country
15.3.2. By Product Type
15.3.3. By Modality Type
15.3.4. By End-User
15.4. Key Takeaways
16. Key Countries Market Analysis
16.1. USA
16.1.1. Pricing Analysis
16.1.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.1.2.1. By Product Type
16.1.2.2. By Modality Type
16.1.2.3. By End-User
16.2. Canada
16.2.1. Pricing Analysis
16.2.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.2.2.1. By Product Type
16.2.2.2. By Modality Type
16.2.2.3. By End-User
16.3. Brazil
16.3.1. Pricing Analysis
16.3.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.3.2.1. By Product Type
16.3.2.2. By Modality Type
16.3.2.3. By End-User
16.4. Mexico
16.4.1. Pricing Analysis
16.4.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.4.2.1. By Product Type
16.4.2.2. By Modality Type
16.4.2.3. By End-User
16.5. Germany
16.5.1. Pricing Analysis
16.5.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.5.2.1. By Product Type
16.5.2.2. By Modality Type
16.5.2.3. By End-User
16.6. UK
16.6.1. Pricing Analysis
16.6.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.6.2.1. By Product Type
16.6.2.2. By Modality Type
16.6.2.3. By End-User
16.7. France
16.7.1. Pricing Analysis
16.7.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.7.2.1. By Product Type
16.7.2.2. By Modality Type
16.7.2.3. By End-User
16.8. Spain
16.8.1. Pricing Analysis
16.8.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.8.2.1. By Product Type
16.8.2.2. By Modality Type
16.8.2.3. By End-User
16.9. Italy
16.9.1. Pricing Analysis
16.9.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.9.2.1. By Product Type
16.9.2.2. By Modality Type
16.9.2.3. By End-User
16.10. Poland
16.10.1. Pricing Analysis
16.10.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.10.2.1. By Product Type
16.10.2.2. By Modality Type
16.10.2.3. By End-User
16.11. Russia
16.11.1. Pricing Analysis
16.11.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.11.2.1. By Product Type
16.11.2.2. By Modality Type
16.11.2.3. By End-User
16.12. Czech Republic
16.12.1. Pricing Analysis
16.12.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.12.2.1. By Product Type
16.12.2.2. By Modality Type
16.12.2.3. By End-User
16.13. Romania
16.13.1. Pricing Analysis
16.13.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.13.2.1. By Product Type
16.13.2.2. By Modality Type
16.13.2.3. By End-User
16.14. India
16.14.1. Pricing Analysis
16.14.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.14.2.1. By Product Type
16.14.2.2. By Modality Type
16.14.2.3. By End-User
16.15. Bangladesh
16.15.1. Pricing Analysis
16.15.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.15.2.1. By Product Type
16.15.2.2. By Modality Type
16.15.2.3. By End-User
16.16. Australia
16.16.1. Pricing Analysis
16.16.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.16.2.1. By Product Type
16.16.2.2. By Modality Type
16.16.2.3. By End-User
16.17. New Zealand
16.17.1. Pricing Analysis
16.17.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.17.2.1. By Product Type
16.17.2.2. By Modality Type
16.17.2.3. By End-User
16.18. China
16.18.1. Pricing Analysis
16.18.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.18.2.1. By Product Type
16.18.2.2. By Modality Type
16.18.2.3. By End-User
16.19. Japan
16.19.1. Pricing Analysis
16.19.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.19.2.1. By Product Type
16.19.2.2. By Modality Type
16.19.2.3. By End-User
16.20. South Korea
16.20.1. Pricing Analysis
16.20.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.20.2.1. By Product Type
16.20.2.2. By Modality Type
16.20.2.3. By End-User
16.21. GCC Countries
16.21.1. Pricing Analysis
16.21.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.21.2.1. By Product Type
16.21.2.2. By Modality Type
16.21.2.3. By End-User
16.22. South Africa
16.22.1. Pricing Analysis
16.22.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.22.2.1. By Product Type
16.22.2.2. By Modality Type
16.22.2.3. By End-User
16.23. Israel
16.23.1. Pricing Analysis
16.23.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
16.23.2.1. By Product Type
16.23.2.2. By Modality Type
16.23.2.3. By End-User
17. Market Structure Analysis
17.1. Competition Dashboard
17.2. Competition Benchmarking
17.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players
17.3.1. By Regional
17.3.2. By Product Type
17.3.3. By Modality Type
17.3.4. By End-User
18. Competition Analysis
18.1. Competition Deep Dive
18.1.1. Terumo Corporation
18.1.1.1. Overview
18.1.1.2. Product Portfolio
18.1.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments
18.1.1.4. Sales Footprint
18.1.1.5. Strategy Overview
18.1.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy
18.1.2. Medtronic PLC
18.1.2.1. Overview
18.1.2.2. Product Portfolio
18.1.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments
18.1.2.4. Sales Footprint
18.1.2.5. Strategy Overview
18.1.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy
18.1.3. Abbott Laboratories
18.1.3.1. Overview
18.1.3.2. Product Portfolio
18.1.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments
18.1.3.4. Sales Footprint
18.1.3.5. Strategy Overview
18.1.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy
18.1.4. Abiomed Inc.
18.1.4.1. Overview
18.1.4.2. Product Portfolio
18.1.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments
18.1.4.4. Sales Footprint
18.1.4.5. Strategy Overview
18.1.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy
18.1.5. Teleflex Incorporated
18.1.5.1. Overview
18.1.5.2. Product Portfolio
18.1.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments
18.1.5.4. Sales Footprint
18.1.5.5. Strategy Overview
18.1.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy
18.1.6. Maquet GmbH
18.1.6.1. Overview
18.1.6.2. Product Portfolio
18.1.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments
18.1.6.4. Sales Footprint
18.1.6.5. Strategy Overview
18.1.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy
18.1.7. BerlinHeart GmbH
18.1.7.1. Overview
18.1.7.2. Product Portfolio
18.1.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments
18.1.7.4. Sales Footprint
18.1.7.5. Strategy Overview
18.1.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy
19. Assumptions & Acronyms Used
20. Research Methodology
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